Father-Daughter Relationships in Sidney’s The Countess of...

Father-Daughter Relationships in Sidney’s The Countess of Pembroke’s Arcadia, Marlowe’s The Jew of Malta, and Shakespeare’s The Merchant of Venice Justification for the subjugation of females to males during the sixteenth century came from a variety of sources. Ranging from the view that God gave Adam authority over Eve as penalty for the fall, to a belief in the superiority of a husbands’ physical strength over that of his wife, attempts at rationalization of the restricted freedom of women came from every direction.1 Puritan reformers also believed that Eve was God’s gift, given to Adam ‘to consummate and make up his happinesse.’[1] From this perspective, we can easily make the mental adjustment necessary to embrace the view of†¦show more content†¦As she is also yet unwed, Barabas further treats her as a commodity through his willingness to discuss the price of the diamond, and what Lodowick will have to pay to get it. Bassanio, in speaking with Antonio, says: Her name is Portia, nothing undervalu’d To Cato’s daughter, Brutus’ Portia. Nor is the wide world ignorant of her worth, For the four winds blow in from every coast Renowned suitors.[6] Brutus’ Portia was a wise and devoted wife, qualities that would have been valued by Shakespearean suitors. When recounting previous suitors to Portia, Nerissa names a ‘Neapolitan, a County Palatine, a French Lord, an English Baron, a Scottish Lord, a German Duke’s nephew, and a Moroccan Prince.’[7] Bassanio operates under the belief that to draw so many suitors from such distant places, Portia must be more then worth the expense of the trip. Portia ‘reveals her worth as she promises Bassanio the role of the future lord of Belmont’ and verbally transfers all that is hers to now be subject to his

Human Resource Management ( Hrm ) - 1227 Words

Introduction â€Å"Human resource management (HRM) is the managing of human skills and talents to make sure they are used effectively and in alignment with an organization’s goals† (Youssef, 2012). The primary role of human resource management is to plan, develop, and order policies and programmers designed to make prompt use of an organization’s human resources. It is that part of management which is concerned with the people at work and with their relationship within an organization. I currently work for a Human Resource agency in my town as a Workforce Development Manager. I do have some responsibilities as a human resource manager, but I am limited to some. The human resource aspect in any organization is a very sensitive issue which should†¦show more content†¦In other words the regulation has ensured that the employees are given equal employment opportunities. By offering equal opportunities the organization makes it possible for employees to perform their job duties in a workplace free from harassment and discrimination. Human Resource Planning, Recruitment, and Selection Human resource planning, resource planning, recruitment, and selection are the recruitment and selection process. Your human resources department has the support and knowledge of employment specialists who aid hiring managers with the measures to guarantee your organization leaders are making the right hiring decisions for the company. Sourcing candidates, reviewing and tracking applicants, conducting interviews and selection for employment are pieces of the recruitment and selection process. Human Resources Development (HRD) HRD is the part of human resource management that particularly has to deal with training and development of the employees. Human resource development includes training an individual after they are hired. The training provides opportunities to learn new skills, providing resources that are beneficial for the employee s tasks, and any other developmental activities. Compensation and Benefits Compensation and benefits is not just about the pay but it also includes incentives, or rewards that the employees are offered by

Prevalence Of Chlamydia Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

As before stated, chlamydia is the most prevailing sexually transmitted infection in the United States and is an of import public wellness issue. As a soundless infection with serious effects for adult females, forestalling the incidence of chlamydia is an of import issue for nurses advancing adolescent wellness and those who encounter sterility and ectopic gestation in their pattern ( Stewart A ; Sparrow Center, 2005 ) . It is estimated that there are three million new infections each twelvemonth ( Adderley-Kelly A ; Stephens, 2005 ) . We will write a custom essay sample on Prevalence Of Chlamydia Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Numerous prevalence surveies in assorted clinic populations have shown that sexually active striplings have higher rates of Chlamydia infections ( Adderley-Kelly A ; Stephens, 2005 ) . In measuring and placing chlamydia infections quickly, the effects of wellness results will be decreased. This survey intends to look into whether or non early testing consequences to the bar and early sensing of chlamydia among immature adult females aged 13 to 25. In order to steer the proposed research inquiries of this survey, this literature reappraisal discusses important surveies and research that have been undertaken in relation to testing for chlamydia infection. Prevalence of Chlamydia Chlamydia is the universe ‘s most normally reported sexually transmitted infection ( STI ) ( World Health Organization [ WHO ] , 2009 ) . Its effects particularly to adult females are particularly serious: pelvic inflammatory diseases, ectopic gestation, and sterility. A greater concern among wellness attention practicians is the fact that chlamydia is mostly symptomless hence, testing becomes important in observing instances in order to cut down prevalence and the hazard of complications. the addition rates of chlamydia. Meyers, Halverson, A ; Luckhaupt ( 2007 ) stated that if left undiagnosed and untreated, chlamydia airss several negative wellness results for pregnant every bit good as non-pregnant adult females. Complications originating from chlamydia could include PID, sterility, chronic pelvic hurting among non-pregnant adult females, chorioamnionitis, pre-term labour, premature rupture of membranes, preterm bringing, self-generated abortion, endometritis, and low birth weight in pregnant adult females. Harmonizing to the CDC ‘s Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance Annual Report in 2007, chlamydia prevalence is increasing because of a figure of hazard factors. This is particularly true among the younger populations of adult females. CDC ( 2007 ) stresses that the usage of hazardous sexual behaviours, usage of non-barrier contraceptive method, deficiency of instruction, and deficiency of testing contribute to the intensifying rates of chlamydia infection. Furthermore, several barriers lead to proper proving and diagnosing among sexually active immature adult females. Adolescents are loath to seek out proving or care on their sexual wellness because of ignorance, deficiency of consciousness, deficiency of clip, deficiency of transit to the clinics, and vacillation to be unfastened about sexual wellness issues. These barriers, harmonizing to the CDC ( 2007 ) , must be taken down for any intercession plan to win in cut downing chlamydia prevalent rates. Importance of Screening Central to the attempt in cut downing chlamydia prevalence is proper showing of bad populations such as immature adult females aged less than 25 old ages old ( Alexander, 2006 ) . The function of doctors and nursing professionals are important because they are in an first-class place to supply showing, hazard appraisal, and intervention every bit good as provide guidance and instruction plans to forestall infection. Literature has besides suggested that testing reduces the hazard of chlamydia infection among sexually active immature adult females. Recommendations for one-year showing for chlamydia among sexually active females has been a top precedence of the CDC beginning 1993. A survey by Fiscus et Al. ( 2004 ) examined the rate of testing experienced by sexually active females. In a nationally-implemented longitudinal survey of misss belonging in classs 7 until 12 all across the United States, Fiscus and co-workers obtained site-of-care studies, proving studies, studies for intervention to find how many of sexually experience immature misss received one-year showing as recommended by the CDC. A sum of 3,987 sexually active immature misss were participants to Beckon 1 of the alleged National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. The survey found that testing among sexually active immature misss was unequal and may be a major lending factors to the lifting degrees of chlamydia incidence among adolescent misss. A clinical survey conducted by Nelson and Helfand ( 2001 ) aimed to analyze the effectivity of testing for the bar of Chlamydia infection. This survey was conducted in visible radiation of the recommendation made by the U. S. Preventive Services Task Force to implement testing in order to forestall the incidence of Chlamydia infection. A big population of male and female participants served as the survey ‘s sample. Questionnaires were mailed and included inquiries on demographic features and designation of a figure of hazard factors such as multiple sex spouses, non-use of barrier contraceptive method or rubbers, and old history of STD infection. The survey conclude that showing is an effectual signifier of intercession to cut down chlamydia infection among bad groups peculiarly pregnant and non-pregnant adult females. Mertz et al. , ( 2001 ) conducted a non-experimental and retrospective survey to measure the grounds behind high incidence of economically disadvantage immature misss with ages 16 to 24 old ages populating in an urban country. The survey concluded that hazardous sexual behaviour ( for economic grounds ) , multiple sex spouses and non-use of rubbers are behind the 10 % incidence of chlamydia infection among the group of immature adult females. Furthermore, deficiency of entree or non-affordability of trials besides hindered immature adult females to take attention of their sexual wellness. Scholes et Al. ( 2006 ) conducted an experimental survey utilizing randomized control test design to measure whether showing is an effectual scheme to cut down incidence of Chlamydia infection. The showing scheme proposed included the designation, proving, and intervention of adult females identified to belong to bad groups. Intervention plans such as proviso of rubbers, instruction and consciousness, and sexual wellness focal point group treatments were used. Women participants were sexually active females aged below 26 old ages old and adult females aged more than 26 and below 35 old ages old. After a 12-month follow up showing, it was found that chlamydia incidence decreased by 51 per centum. A reappraisal of literature conducted by Weinstock, Berman, and Cates ( 2004 ) suggested that proper and accurate monitoring of the prevalence of chlamydia infection among immature people was important in bar attempts. Weinstock and co-workers analyzed national instance studies, national studies, old literature reappraisals, and WHO datasets to analyze prevalence and place intercessions used. The writers identified several obstructions that hindered bar attempts. The major obstruction identified is the symptomless nature of the infection, which means that the disease can travel on without being detected. The writers recommended the execution of cosmopolitan testing plans to supervise and forestall the intensifying rates of STDs and STIs. A longitudinal survey implemented at a national degree from 2000 to 2001 by Ford, Jacard, Millstein, Bardsley, and Miller ( 2004 ) found that stripling ‘s perceptual experiences on their hazard of infection is extremely prognostic of their results in testing and intervention of chlamydia and gonorrhoea. The writers suggested that when striplings make accurate single hazard appraisals, they are more likely to prosecute wellness advancing behaviours such as contraceptive method and safe sex. Ford and his co-workers studied the relationship between demographic and wellness features to comprehend hazard of infection among two groups: 1 ) a sample of sexually active striplings with ages runing from 18 to 16 and 2 ) a subsample of striplings diagnosed with gonorrhoea of chlamydia. The survey found that merely 14 % of the entire respondents perceived they were at hazard for infection while more than 30 per centum of septic respondents reported sensed hazard. The writers suggested that instruction and awareness plans should be implemented to increase the truth of perceptual experiences of hazard among adolescent young person. A survey conducted by Karaer, Avsar, and Batioglu ( 2006 ) aimed to find the hazard factors that contribute to ectopic gestation, which is still a top factor for high maternal morbidity and mortality rates among pregnant adult females. The survey focused on placing hazard factors perceived to be a consequence of Chlamydia infections left untreated. Karaer and co-workers examined 225 instances and 375 control groups to look for commonalty in assorted demographic and behavioural features. Among the factors evaluated were demographic features, smoke, gynaecological history, surgical history, obstetric history, prophylactic use and aided gestation. The survey found that among other hazard factors, PID stood as the most of import for doing ectopic gestation. While the survey acknowledged deficiency of representativeness and deficiency of generalizability, the writers recommended that enhanced instruction and consciousness among adult females and the hazard factors could let an accurate an d timely diagnosing of ectopic gestation. A national longitudinal survey conducted by Crosby and Danner ( 2008 ) wanted to analyze how attitudes and beliefs among striplings were prognostic of geting STI or STD during early maturity. The survey hypothesized that the sexual wellness attitudes of striplings peculiarly refering STDs will foretell whether or non they will be infected with STD when they become grownups. This survey used informations from Wave 3 of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health and measure the prevalence of STDs such as gonorrhoea, Chlamydia trachomatis, and Trichomonas vaginalia. In add-on, self-report steps were administered to 8,297 striplings who besides provided urine samples for analysis. Self-report steps indicated that there was a general deficiency of instruction and consciousness among striplings about STDs or STIs. Test consequences for STDs during early maturity suggested that those who had accurate perceptual experiences on sexual wellness issues were less likely to contract STD . The findings suggest that supplying striplings with instruction and greater consciousness will most likely avert STD infection in the old ages to come. In a survey on the effectivity of testing among Norwegians, Skjeldestad, Marsico, Sings, Nordbo, and Storvold ( 2009 ) conducted a longitudinal cohort survey that started in December 2007 and ended in April 2009. The survey wanted to place hazard factors associated with repetition chlamydia infection among adult females aged 24 old ages and younger. A sample of 898 Norse adult females participated in the survey. Data aggregation used questionnaires, urine samples for chlamydia testing and needed clinical signifiers, medical records, and other pertinent paperss. Participants were tested for inclusion, and tested once more as a followup. The writers were able to reason that the major cause of reinfection among Norse adult females was a old chlamydia infection. Furthermore, rubber usage during intercourse besides revealed to be a hindrance for reinfection among adult females ( Skjeldestad, 2009 ) . Drumhead The surveies examined for this literature reappraisal revealed that chlamydia is a serious wellness job among striplings and that showing as a agency of bar remains unequal. The reappraisal besides highlighted the hazard factors associated with chlamydia infection and reinfection. Factors identified include holding multiple sex spouses, old STD infection, and the non-use of rubbers or barrier contraceptive methods. Surveies reviewed here which aimed at measuring testing as a bar method for chlamydia used the longitudinal design and involved big samples. Urine trying seems to be the most prevailing method of proving for chlamydia. Restrictions of the surveies reviewed include non-representativeness and deficiency of control. How to cite Prevalence Of Chlamydia Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Project background for project proposal tree planting free essay sample

Electricity is a form of energy that form as lightning. Its relationship with electronics is that electronics is that electricity power electronics. In short, without electricity, electronics won’t work. Then what is Electronics? Electronics is any kind of machine that being powered by electricity that helps people to do their jobs faster and faster. Gupta (2011) says in his article that the purpose of a power station is to deliver power at the lower possible cost per units. Kadambi (2011) says that, we can create electricity by the help of nature itself. Like, windmills, winds spin the windmill then it spins the dynamo, which converts mechanical energy to electrical energy. Anine (2014) says in his article that the Supreme Court yesterday ordered the groups that sled manila electrical corp. (MERALCO) for its controversial increase of 4. 45 pesos per kilowatt-hour (kwh) to include the regulation of the country’s Electrical marker and six independent power producers. Statement of the Problem This research will analyze and discuss the electricity price hike. We are searching for a cheap electricity price or a better substitution to the oil that we import from the country. a. Why Electricity price increased? b. Why power generation plants shut down? c. Where we can get cheap electricity? d. How we can lessen the cost of electricity? Significance/Importance Electricity is very important for our daily routine, because appliances won’t work without an electricity like washing machine, refrigerator, television, etc. Scope and Limitation The researcher will not discuss any further topics and aspects that are beyond the selected topic. The limitation is that my team knows some important details about the topic we do not wrote. Assumption/ Hypothesis The following assumption was made in the relation to the following: Electricity is the cheapest energy that we use Electrical problem is no more than a big problem to the Philippines. Philippines established more than 10 power generation plants. . Chapter II METHODOLOGY Data are gathered from two sources, one is from Library source and the other is by survey Questionnaires. Library source involve research from Books, Magazines, Journals, Newspaper, Internet and other published materials that has a relationship to the topic. We also gathered information by using the â€Å"survey questionnaire† and by interviewing the professionals who knows about Electricity and the case of price hike of electricity. Chapter III PRESENTATION, INTERPRETATION OF DATA AND FINDINGS Presentation Interpretation of data Four of the respondent disagree that they want to use an alternative Energy to lessen their payment or cost in electric bills but it takes time to change it to solar, windmills or any alternative Energy. Three out of five respondents disagreed that they want to use the Bataan Nuclear Power Plant again, because of the Electricity Price hike. All respondents agree on using nuclear energy because of the effect that can cause pollution. Only one out of five respondents disagreed on using electric tower to fuel cars because of the news they heard about what happens to the cars that converted from fuel cars to electric cars. 40% of the respondents say that they can see the Philippines to have the most modernized electricity production after ten years because they see them now the steps do by electric companies to modernized electricity production. Findings From the results of the survey questionnaires, the researchers found that the electricity price hike of Meralco issued a TRO (Temporary Restraining Order) stopping Meralco from collecting the increase in next 60 days. In its order, the court noted the public records showed that the six power firms has existing agreements with the Meralco and Supplied Meralco with power in November 2013 when the generation cost increased. In the other way, some people want to use an alternative energy like solar, windmills or even power plants to lessen the cost of electricity payment. Chapter IV SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION Summary Price hike is caused by insufficiency of other source of power that the distributor –Meralco- so they find much high cost of energy source to sustain their service. Alternatives- solar, windmills and/ or power plants may be the good enough to supply electricity but the people are not sure about the effectiveness of these alternatives. Subscribing to the power distributors is much more expensive than Alternatives. And installing alternatives are expensive in first but when it is installed the cost of the electricity is lessen even if it is Full generated or half generated electricity expense. Reoperation of the Bataan Nuclear Power Plant can contribute electricity but it is too risky to operate it again because it is too old and its technology is outdated. Conclusions I therefore conclude that in times of power hike, alternatives- solar, windmills, etc. are the best choice to lessen the cost of the Electric bill. In addition, it also can contribute to the nature or lessen the pollution. The Philippines can produce more electricity to its constituents and will never happen again the price hike of electricity. It can help our economy, our health, progress and development, and to the Individuals who are suffering from poverty. With more electricity the more developed and high-tech the Philippines and to have a great quality of our Students. The Manufacturers, investors, factories and business investors will loves to put their properties in here. However, without electricity or having high cost electricity in here, the Philippines the effect will be disastrous and the economy will down. No more investors would like to invest here. And the countries will still one of the poorest countries in the world. Recommendations I recommend that Philippines should start using alternatives to lessen the power shutdown and price increase. With these alternatives, we can compete to other countries that are dependable to their sources. We must also depend to our sources and that is heat. We are in the tropical region of the world and in there heat is high so that we can build Solar Panels. In addition, we have much seashore. We can generate powers from the wind. We can build a Windmills like in Ilocos that 60-90% can powered the Ilocos with their windmills. Or we can conserve power by unplugging the appliances or turning of it when it is not needed. REFERENCES REFERENCES Gupta, S. S. (2011), â€Å"Electrical Engineering†, University Science Press. Kadambi, Vedanth (2011), â€Å"Energy Conversion†, New Age International Publishers. Dimotakis, P. E. (2008), â€Å"Energy†, E S, Volume LXXI no. 4 pg. 12-13 Nisley, E. (2013), â€Å"Senior Collaboration, Circuit Cellar†, Issue 274, pg. 48-52 World, E. (2008), Microsoft Encarta Outline Encyclopedia†, 2006, Revised. (12/05/13) Hart, E. (2007), â€Å"Power Microsoft Events†, Online encyclopedia, 2007, Revised (12/05/13) Aning, Jorome, (2014), â€Å"Include 6 Firms, ERC in MERALCO case – SC†, Philippine Daily inquirer. APPENDIX Appendix A SURVEY-QUESTIONNAIRE Please answer the following questions honestly by checking the appropriate line and by writing your answers in the spaces provided. Name (Optional) ______________________________ Gender : ____Male ____ Female Age:____ Course Year:________________________________ NO. Questions Yes No 1. Do you agree on using â€Å"Alternative Energy†? 2. Do you agree to use the â€Å"Bataan Nuclear Power Plant† again? 3. Do you agree on using â€Å"Nuclear Energy†? 4. Do you agree on using Electric Power to Fuel Cars? 5. Do you see Philippines to have the most modernized electricity production after ten years? Total

American Financial Crisis

Introduction The financial crisis, which was witnessed in the United States and the world over, has been described as one of the worst economic crises of the 21st century. Economists have termed it as the worst crisis in the economy to occur since the great depression of the 1930s. The crisis began in the year 2007.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on American Financial Crisis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It emanated from the housing sector of the U.S. The crisis extended to other sectors of the economy. The financial sector, which is one of the pillars in the economy, was the worst hit. The crisis had a devastating impact on the US economy, with macroeconomic forces of inflation and employment being negatively affected. With the widespread effects of the crisis, policy makers were forces to come up with measures of mitigating the crisis and its effects. As it is with policies, there are long-term effects (Marsha ll, pp. 3). This paper discuses the recent economic crisis that hit the US. It discussed the underlying causes of the crisis and the impact it has had on the economy of the United States. The paper also looks into the policies that have been coined in order to mitigate the crisis and their impact on macroeconomic forces – employment, inflation and economic growth. Finally, the paper highlight the possible gaps that are prevalent the economy in line with the crisis and the possible routes stabilizing the economy. Causes of the US Financial Crisis The financial crisis of the United States is a crisis which smoldered from the late 1990s. As many analysts have pointed out, it began in the US housing market. From the late 1900s, the prices of houses in the United States swelled at an unusually quicker pace. The swelling of house prices can be linked to three main triggering factors. These are low rates of interests which were persisted during those times, overgenerous lending by t he financial institutions, as well as speculations by the investors in the financial and the housing sectors. The housing bubble busted, and this was coupled with a crushing of other asset bubbles. This resulted in the credit crisis. Many economists have pointed out that there was a possibility of stopping the crisis could be averted at these early stages. However, many complex financial innovations were made in order to reduce the risk. It is these complex solutions that made the crisis spill to the financial market of the United States and the US economy.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More All financial institutions, which work for profits, came up with quite complicated financial processes. These processes had similar characteristics – lack of adequate risk analysis, highly leveraged borrowing and lack of adequate regulation of betting on outcomes. These processes pro ved inefficient when the asset prices flopped (â€Å"The Financial Crisis Inquiry Report†, pp. 417). The real effect of the shouldering financial turmoil was witnessed between 2007 and 2009. It began in the US mortgage lending market. Real problems began in 2007 when the Federal Home Mortgage Corporation– Freddie Mac made an announcement that it was stopping the purchasing of high-risk mortgages. At the same time, New Century Financial Corporation, which was the US leading lender of mortgages to riskier customers, became bankrupt. These two events ushered in a real turmoil in the housing sector as the price of houses began to drop in a dramatic way. US credit rating agencies began downgrading risk assessments of the asset-backed instruments of finance. In the middle of the year 2007, the risk rose disabling financial product issuers from paying interests. Thence, it was realized that the credit bubbles and the burst in housing would result in losses on the asset-backed financial instruments. Mortgage-backed securities were downgraded from that period into the year 2008 so that they could reassess their risk. This severely dislocated the financial markets (Jansen, Beulig and Kai, pp. 1). The credit markets continued to be tight, the financial and mortgage companies were given support by the Federal Reserve. The support was given through lending facilities that offered credit on a short-term basis as well as auctions arising from the sale of mortgage-related products. These actions were inadequate or insufficient as far as the rapid falling prices of assets were concerned. It could not stop the price of assets from further falling. Institutions that were trusted with funds opted to relieve themselves from the financial risks through replenishing the risk-weighted capital rations. Bear Stearns, which is one of the largest Investment banks in America, had heavily invested in mortgage backed securities. As a result of the downgrading of the credit rat ings, the bank was severely impacted. The bank could not recapitalize and adequately cover itself from the losses. Its stock ended up collapsing in the year 2008. The bank was acquired the Morgan Chase bank in March 2008.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on American Financial Crisis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The takeover was facilitated by the government. The mortgage default rates continued to rise causing a problem to mortgage lenders as the collateral value fell. The largest United States mortgage lender – IndyMac collapsed in July 2008. Its assets were incorporated into the federal ownership (Marshall, pp. 3). The crisis spilt in the financial industry as mortgage firms sought to increase their capital due to downgraded securities. On the leading list was Lehman Brothers Bank, which became bankrupt. The bank was unable to raise enough capital to cover the downgraded securities. This demonstrated th at the US government was segregate on bank bailouts, which further resulted to a rise in lending rates between banks. America International Group, which was a leading credit default insurer in the United States, was suffering from liquidity problems. AIG was bailed out by the Federal Reserve – 85 billion dollars. The Group offered 79.9 per cent equity. The conflict in the industry continued to take the course with activities that further worsened the crisis (Marshall, pp. 10). As a result, the activities, in the banking industry caused the increase in the volatility in the financial market. The Down Jones Industrial Average which is an index which covers analysis on the largest 30 publicly listed companies among them large banks kept registering a drop. The largest drop was recorded on 29 September the year 2008. The investor confidence fell significantly. Investors opted to invest in safer assets like oil, the US dollar and gold. There was a rise in demand for treasury bills , which resulted in a drop in their returns. Market firms continued facing lost of pressures (Marshall, pp. 15). From the discussion above, we can summarize the causes of the financial crisis in the US as the problem in the US housing sector. Under this, we have the creation and collapse of the housing bubble. We also have the role played by the financial industry – the interaction of financial instruments and the response to the housing crash by the financial industry.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Effects of the US Financial Crisis The financial crisis has an extremely significant impact on the economy of the US. These effects even spilt to other economies of the world. The overall economic impact of the financial crisis is that it created conditions that led to a downturn of the US economy. With the setting, of recession – all the effects related to a recessing economy have been witnessed (Suter and Mark, pp. 24). The great recession resulting for the financial crisis has extremely harmful effects on the labor industry of the US. Thus unemployment became inevitable. Most financial institutions could not sustain themselves in the market and had to close down with some undergoing buyouts and acquisitions. The banking and financial industry had a lot of staffs laid off. The financial industry had been destabilized and was so weakened. Investors ended up loosing trust in the financial institutions. The financial industry is supportive of the manufacturing industry and all other sectors. The accessibility to credit was jeopardized leading to layoffs in the manufacturing industry as companies struggled to adjust to the realities in the economy. A research that was conducted between November 2008 and April of 2010 approximately 40 percent of households in the US has been laid off (Suter and Mark, pp. 24). Inflation came to be a reality in the United States. As part of the measures of adjusting to the crisis, industries had to raise the prices of their products. There was a sharp rise in prices of goods and services. Coupled with the unemployment and the inability of people to pay the house mortgages, the United States saw a sharp downturn in economic growth. The economic crisis has led to a cut down in household expenditure with high cut downs seen in families with the unemployed populations. The standards of living of the Americans dropped drastically. People could not access finances for investments. The social welfare of the Americans was highly com promised with the cut down in earnings and the inflation. Business went down with closures being common for weak businesses. The crisis impacted the trading environment in the United States with the volume of international trade drastically dropped. The US lost trading ground in the international market with its competitors like China taking advantage of the crisis to gain grounds in international trade. This further contributed to the reduction in economic growth of the US (Suter and Mark, pp. 24). Measures of Averting the Crisis – Fiscal and Monetary The United States government and policy makers had to come up with both physical and monetary measures embedded in legislation. These were aimed at mitigating the consequences that the crisis was on the economy. Several responses were developed with some hitting the walls (â€Å"The Financial Crisis Inquiry Report: Final Report of the National Commission on the Causes of the Financial and Economic Crisis in the United States,à ¢â‚¬  p. 112). As the crisis continued to smolder, a number of policy measures were taken with the aim of stopping the crisis from sprouting to the entire economy. The first measure was the lowering of interest rates and introduction of schemes to prevent enhanced liquidity in order to abate the credit crisis that was emerging. The second measure was the taking over of the Bear Stearns bank which was facilitated by the state. Legislation was also passed at this pint which sought to mitigate mortgage foreclosure via demand stimulation. All these failed to stop the crisis with the Federal Reserve being accused of favoring certain banks in offering credit (Marshall, pp. 3). After the real shocks of the crisis were felt, the government of United States had to move to cub the recession. The treasury was to lead in implementing the Emergency Economy Stabilization Act. The act was passed in October the year 2008. The treasury injected a capital into the financial institutions in exchange for common equity stakes and preferred stock. This was followed by massive bailouts of financial institutions for instance AIG. The other policy was the lowering of the rates of interests by the Federal Reserve and the raising of liquidity. The credit easing policy supported the purchasing treasury bills and the mortgage-backed securities. The Securities and Exchange Commission suspended the short-selling of the institutions of finance. Also, a fiscal plan known as Homeowner Affordability and Stability Plan was initiated which helped the struggling home owners in the refinancing of their mortgages (Marshall, pp. 3). One of the most famous policy responses to the crisis is the famous fiscal stimulus. This policy response was developed by the Obama administration and voted into law by the US senate. Under this policy, the government of US government released 787 billion dollars. The legislation was transformed into law in 2009. This piece of legislation awarded cuts in taxes in a numb er of sensitive areas in the economy. 273 billion dollars were to be awarded to individuals and 51 billion dollars set apart for companies. 111 billion was reserved for infrastructural investment, 59 billion for healthcare, 43 billion for energy and 53 billion for education (Marshall, pp. 3). Criticism of the Policies and Suggestions Some of these policy measures were extremely resourceful in stopping the crisis from further advancing. The economic bailouts and the reduction in the rates of interests helped the economy to recover. The bailouts helped to increase the reserves of the financial institutions. Though the bailout was effective, it has had certain level f inefficiency. Most financial institutions have been accused of taking advantage of the bailout funds. They manipulate it and use it making more profits on their side while leaving those who were to benefit to suffer from large burden of interests (Kolb, pp. 59). The failure to bail some banks by the Federal Reserve and th e treasury bills was meant to ensure that banks exercised responsibility. However, this step had negative consequences on bank investments. Many banks collapsed leading to a lapse in investor confidence. The Lehman Bank was left to collapse because of bankruptcy. Inter-banking lending rates shoot up leading to the development of a crisis in the banking industry (Kolb, pp. 59). The government of the United States through the treasury managed in stopping the crisis from spreading further. However, the crisis had already reached a level where almost all sectors of the economy had been infected or affected. The financial stability plan is still being implemented by the treasury with a lot of loopholes being witnessed. A number of economic analysts are still not satisfied with the scope of the plan. They argue that the plan is not comprehensive enough to address the financial challenges facing the financial institutions and the economy of the US. The banking sector of the US still remain s troubled. The amount of money set aside for the financial stability plan has been critiqued. Many analysts point that the money is far too little to addresses the asset problem in US banks (Kolb, pp. 59). More fiscal and monetary policies that have long term goals or objectives of eliminating possible problems in the financial sector need to be developed. The US government has focused a lot of the short-term goals in of ensuring the direct effects of the crisis have been addressed. Tighter monetary policies of addressing the challenges that are born from institutions for instance speculation can be part of the long-term policies. Speculation was one of the roots caused of the crisis that engulfed the housing sector of the US paving the way to problems in banking and financial markets (Kroszner and Benjamin, pp. 25). The United stated economy has to some extend recovered from the impacts of the financial crisis. The economy has not fully recovered as it is being implied by treasury and the recovery plan. The Federal Reserve should continue with plans of offering more loans as most financial institutions have not regained the optimum capacity of service offering. As the economy continued to recover through the short-term policies, the focus has to be on the long term economic measures of regulating the financial sector. Such policies will govern actions and activities of financial institutions thereby preventing unitary actions, which are likely to destabilize the sector (Kroszner and Benjamin, pp. 25). Conclusion The Financial crisis, which hit the United States, began in the housing sector though the housing sector was not the main crisis. The crisis was transitional moving from the problems in the housing sector to the banking industry and the financial markets and the entire economy. A number of fiscal and monetary policies have been used to avert the crisis. Some are still in in implementation. The government has to shift and focus on long-term regulatory policies that will prevent such crises in the future. Works Cited Jansen, Leo H, Nick Beulig, and Kai Linsmann. Us Subprime and Financial Crisis – to What Extent Can You Safeguard Financial System Risks?: [research Paper]. München ; Ravensburg: Grinverl, 2008. Print. Marshall, John. 2009. The financial crisis in the US: key events, causes and responses. Web. from https://www.voltairenet.org/IMG/pdf/US_Financial_Crisis.pdf Kolb, Robert W. Lessons from the Financial Crisis: Causes, Consequences, and Our Economic Future. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley, 2010. Print Kroszner, Randy, and Benjamin M. Friedman. Reforming U.S. Financial Markets: Reflections Before and Beyond Dodd-Frank. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 2011. Print. Suter, Christian, and Mark Herkenrath. World Society in the Global Economic Crisis. Berlin: Lit, 2012. Print. The Financial Crisis Inquiry Report: Final Report of the National Commission on the Causes of the Financial and Economic Crisis in the United States. Washingt on, DC: Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission, 2010. Print. This essay on American Financial Crisis was written and submitted by user Danny Garrett to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Surrogate motherhood Essays

Surrogate motherhood Essays Surrogate motherhood Essay Surrogate motherhood Essay Surrogate motherhood is a practice that has been used for a long time but has been evolving in lieu of the technological advancement that has recently been witnessed. Definition of a surrogate mother is one who carries a child through gestation on behalf of another woman. The reasons why this happens are varied and hence elicit different responses. Traditionally, surrogacy involved a man donating his sperm to a woman other than his wife in order for her to give birth to a child adopted by the childless couple. However, with time the term surrogate motherhood has evolved to involve many other practices (Franklin S. Dec.2006). The question is, does surrogate motherhood help the society or harm? As stated above, surrogate motherhood has been around for a long time but only the traditional methods were used to get a child. With the advances made in science concerning reproduction, there has evolved other ways of getting children through surrogacy. It consists of either artificial insemination, embryo adoption and donation, gestational surrogacy or the use of the ovum from the natural mother (Maule L. S. Schmid K. 2006). Each of these is different and as such use different methods to bring about conception and consequently birth of a child. In the early times, it would be used by childless couples but with the change in human sexuality it has come to include people who prefer to be homosexuals. They are now able to be parents of children who have their genes even if it is a family of two men or two women. Also with the rise of feminism, women who prefer not to get married are also using sperms from the sperm bank to get children. Initially one could only use the obvious method of sexual intercourse to get a woman pregnant but now there are sperm banks where men donate their sperms for commercial use. People in the world have different views concerning surrogate motherhood. Some are for it while others oppose it. Mostly it is for moral reasons that people oppose it but the legal aspect also sets in (McLachlan H. V. September 2008). Over time, there have been arguments for it in that it helps those who cannot be able to get a child of their own for different reasons. With the technology that is in place now, there are many ways to ensure that one gets a child and if they all fail then they can turn to surrogate motherhood. There are many people who view surrogacy as the ultimate gift from one woman to another. This is very common in New Zealand (Shaw R. 2008). When a woman cannot be able to get a child either due to lack of a womb or ovaries gets a gift from another one. This is seen as the greatest gift that one can give to another one. It is also viewed as a spiritual practice that enhances ones spirituality. In this way, a friend or relative can assist others get full satisfaction of having a family by providing them with the gift of life embodied in the child. There is opportunity for people to create kinship ties where there was no such hope. Kinship ties are very important to all individuals and hence to be greatly desired. Also, there seems to be a very special bond between grandparents and the children (Mander G. November 2007). When the children are unable to get children, the grandparents may be greatly affected and thus this comes as a solution. It is an opportunity for them to get a child who is genetically related to them instead of adopting a child who is not directly related to them (Hargreaves K. 2006). This is usually done through donor insemination and the resulting child is accepted by the entire family and thus a member.

How the development of corporate governance improved the overall Dissertation

How the development of corporate governance improved the overall quality of uk band management - Dissertation Example In the course of the presentation and interpretation of results, it was established that banks that pay the best of salaries and have an effective remuneration programs retain their employees over a very long periods of time in their organisations. In the same way, those that paid less suffered frequent cases of employee turnover in the forms of resignation and unannounced quitting of position. Literature has indeed showed that when companies put in proactive efforts through the standardisation of remuneration as suggested by the UK corporate governance code to retain their employees, there is a superlative impact that this would have on company performance (Iedema and Poppe, 2001). First and foremost, it will be noted that companies with long serving employees can be assured of a human resource base that is in-tuned with the organisational culture in place at the workplace (National Technical Information Services, 1987). Subsequently, the rhythm of customer participation will be eas ily read by such employees, who would in turn offer services and products that meet customer specification. In the long run, customers who have their specifications met will become satisfied with service received and will want to continue doing business with the bank. Another factor that links employee retention to bank performance is the fact that employees who have worked among themselves for long get along easily and better. Often times when new employees would have to come in who will be coached and guided as to how to deliver service, the rates of productivity of such employees will not be as effective as those who can work independently or with limited support (Ilies and Scott, 2006). Meanwhile, the levels of productivity recorded by banks can be translated directly into tangible fiscal growth. Acknowledgement I would like to acknowledge the efforts of all people who have been of help to me in the course of writing this dissertation. Names like ................. are worth ment ioning. Thank you to you all. Contents Chapter 1: Introduction 1 1.1 Research background 1 1.2 Research rationale 1 1.3 Research aims and objectives 4 Chapter 2: Literature Review 5 2.2 Corporate governance in the banking industry 7 2.5 Operational Risk 12 2.5.1 Regulatory and Statutory framework for enforcing Corporate Governance 13 2.7 Measurement of Bank Performance 19 Chapter 3: Methodology 21 3.1 Introduction 21 3.2 Aims and Objectives of the Research 21 3.3 Research Approach 22 3.4 Research Design 22 3.5 Research Theory and Strategy 23 3.6 Research Method 24 3.7 Reliability and Validity 26 3.8 Limitations 26 Chapter 4: Findings 27 Chapter 5: Discussion 40 Chapter 6. Conclusion, Limitations and Recommendations 55 6.1 Conclusion 55 6.2 Limitations 58 6.3 Recommendations 60 Reference 61 Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Research background Undoubtedly, the degree of the collapses brought about by the Financial Crisis across the world as well as the ramification for the entire global ec onomy is documented in many other places. Consequently, many would want to know whether the failure is as a result of poor corporate governance or not. As a response to isolated cases such as the Marconi collapse in 2001 in the UK, many would argue that it was not a failure of corporate governance because the collapse was mainly after a misguided strategy

Analysis Of Mans Search For Meaning By Viktor Frankl Essay

Analysis Of Mans Search For Meaning By Viktor Frankl - Essay Example Next, Frankl mentions creativity and enjoyment as factors that contribute to the meaningfulness of life. Most people feel their lives to be meaningful when they have opportunities for self-expression. Meaninglessness is sensed, when a person is deprived of the above-mentioned outlets and isn't able to admit meaningfulness of both negative and positive life events, i.e. – in a particular case of death camp imprisonment – suffering. "Everything can be taken from a man but one thing: the last of the human freedoms—to choose one’s attitude in any given set of circumstances, to choose one’s own way†. Therefore, inability to admit the fact that even the bitterest situations have to mean, i.e. inability to change one's attitude towards unfavorable circumstances that cannot be changed, is another element of the state of meaninglessness. The third element of the discussed state is demolition of the values that were held by an individual: "Under the inf luence of a world which no longer recognized the value of human life and human dignity, which had robbed man of his will and had made him an object to be exterminated [†¦] the personal ego finally suffered a loss of values". Another element contributing to the state of meaninglessness is a lack of love, for Frankl sees love as a powerful motivator.According to Oakley, â€Å"people who find their own lives meaningless are also suffering, in varying degrees, failure of motivation, anhedonia, and distress†.

Capital Communes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Capital Communes - Essay Example church"ii Here, we see Benjamin's Marxist roots. Yet we also informed by his premonitory observance of the ideological drift of civil society toward what he argues is a phantasmagoria: a dream world of market based consumer-citizenship, that at once and the same time, the teleological mechanism by which authoritarianism is obscured. If the Arcade stood as the preeminent example as a built space for inculcating the collective unconscious toward misrecognition of Napoleon Bonaparte's true intent, and in this case, that would be speculative market measures that began to stratify the populations of Paris and its environs by class, then Haussmann's project of urban expansion with its "lavish, self-glorification of the bourgeoise" with its "loans totaling hundreds of millions of francs" confrontation with those living in marginal spaces became the victims of nothing short of "engineered destruction."iii Nevertheless, Haussmann's project proceeded as a renewal strategy for Paris. He also employed a large scale constituency of laborers to participate in the construction of the rehabilitation; hence stabilizing his political position against confrontation with worker dissent. Rationale for this perspective was not unfounded as, 'the Parisian workers were better organized militarily than in any earlier rebellion; that the street widening undertaken during the administration of Napoleon III would necessarily work to their advantage, should the assault on the city succeed; that for the first time, the barricades would be defended by cannons and regularly organized troops."iv The environmental impact of Haussmann's urban planning was pronounced in design, and also in terms of security. Haussmannization was distinctly a project of "strategic embellishment" that applied the concept of direct access to the workers' districts by opening up the thoroughfares for direct barricade. The system of open boulevards with a central node for systemization of public works and oversight also held promise for alleviation of poverty of districts such as Faubourg St-Marceau, through ready access to trade. The work commenced in the city centre surrounding Ile-de-la-Cit adjacent to the Cathedral of Notre-Dame. He also extended the cross between the Louvre and the Tuileries, built the Boulevard Sbastopol. A site of leisure, Place du Chtelet became the center of the City's system of boulevards. Prior to his office, Paris was a city of moderate dimensions. Haussmann's new plan of advancement for the capital city resulted in the definition of neighborhoods, or modern system of 20 arrondissements. Public transportation also saw expansion, and the "opening of Paris" to the market linked the main road network between Gare St-Lazare the Rue Auber and Gare du Nord (built between 1861 and 1864 by Jacques-Ignace Hittorff), Gare de Lyon and Gare Montparnasse the Rue de Rennes. Tivoli Arcade, Paris A new system of

Causes of Human Trafficking

Causes of Human Trafficking An examination of the issues and challenges of trafficking bring us face to face with the stark reality of the situation. Hordes of women and children are victims of grave human rights violation having been trafficked by vested interests using lure, deceit, compulsion, threat and coercion before being pushed into the gory world of CSE or other forms of bondage. They are subjected to physical and mental trauma, economic deprivation and violations of their dignity. The post trafficking scenario finds the victim at the end of the tunnel with almost no hope of survival. Vulnerability situations and gender discrimination have been facilitating and perpetuating trafficking. A few alarming trends that have emerged in recent years are sexual exploitation through sex tourism, paedophilia, prostitution in pilgrim towns and other tourist destinations and cross-border trafficking. Trafficking of women and children is definitely not a localised issue. There may be a few instances of trafficking within the community but it is largely a borderless crime transgressing the boundaries of police stations, districts, states, countries and regions. Over the years various countries in the South Asian region have emerged as sources, destinations and/or transit points. More so India has emerged as a source, destination and transit for trafficking for varied purposes such as for commercial sexual exploitation and labour. While intra-country trafficking forms the bulk of the trafficked victims, cross-border trafficking also takes place, especially from Nepal and Bangladesh. Women and children are also trafficked to the Middle Eastern countries and other parts of the world for purposes of cheap labour and commercial sexual exploitation. Trafficking though not reported from many places happens everywhere. The situation is worse in underdeveloped regions. Here come into play the push and pull factors of trafficking and its interplay with the forces of demand and supply. For instance trafficking of women and children from the North-Eastern states of India and bordering countries, in both directions, is a serious issue. The long drawn extremist activities as well as the ethnic clashes and conflicts between several groups in this region have made women and children in the entire region highly vulnerable. Lack of infrastructural development and livelihood options have exacerbated the situation  [1]  . Since trafficking in this area cuts across different states and countries, it needs to be studied in detail and dealt with appropriately by the agencies of the Government of India, along with the state governments and appropriate NGOs working in this field. While the pull factors appear to be the dominant cause of trafficking, the push factors not only contribute to but exacerbate the situation. It is the economically backward and socially discriminated and deprived sections of society, who are the most vulnerable. Even among them the girl child is the worst hit as she is regarded as a liability. The gender discrimination prevalent in the social milieu and different forms of violence against women like infanticide, female foeticide adds to the vulnerability. This is further accentuated during periods of acute economic distress like drought, flood, food shortage, etc. The debt crisis due to economic deprivation as well as the collapse of social security systems has spurred migration, which has also eventually contributed to trafficking. That trafficking is a low-risk and high-profit venture is not doubted. A well established trafficker with many links may easily have an extremely profitable and safe business of trading in women and children, with an income running into several lakhs a year  [2]  . In comparison the earnings of the trafficked persons are a pittance. There appears to be no instance where illegal wealth amassed by the trafficker has been forfeited. Action on this front by all the governments is essential as a deterrent also since it is a source of black money in the economy. While exploring the links between migration and trafficking, it emerged that restrictions on womens migration, coupled with lack of protective measures increases their vulnerability to trafficking. Therefore, migration has to be understood and addressed from a developmental perspective; if trafficking is to be prevented. There is a strong linkage between migration with gender, development and good governance. A holistic approach, addressing all these dimensions, is called for. Safe migration, prevention of trafficking and containment of HIV/AIDS are central to the development the south Asian region. These are parameters having a direct bearing on public safety and, therefore, on national security. Anti trafficking strategies need to recognise peoples rights to move with informed choice. With the surge in tourism in several countries of South Asia, sex tourism and related trafficking has also gone up. The governments of many developing countries with a view to encouraging tourism and consequent economic development turn a blind eye to these problems. Undoubtedly, economic development cannot be at the cost of exploitation and trafficking. On the whole there is hardly any awareness or any conscious effort to address the issues concerned. The rehabilitative scenario presents a very dismal picture. More often than not, the efforts are disjointed and ad-hoc. There are no institutionalised mechanisms in most of the countries and states of India. The counselling and vocational training imparted in the rehabilitation homes are usually dictated by the availability of facilities and resources and not by the best interests of the victims. The needs of the rescued person need to be considered in a comprehensive manner. Along with psycho-social intervention, medical care, vocational training etc also have to be taken into account. Livelihood options have to be provided to the victims. Micro-credit and such other facilities need to be extended. Once rehabilitated a follow up mechanism needs to be in place to see that there is no retrafficking. There is a need to provide them access and awareness to such facilities through help lines, help kiosks, public awareness campaigns, etc. Trafficking of women and children has to be addressed in the specific context of the push factors in the concerned community. Since the exploiters take advantage of the helplessness of poor rural families, preventive action must necessarily involve empowering the powerless, especially in rural areas. Concerted efforts by the government, in cooperation with credible NGOs and PRIs can be helpful in achieving this. Thus an integrated approach involving the three components of à ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  prevention, protection and prosecutionà ¯Ã‚ £Ã‚ §Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  in effectively addressing trafficking is needed. Since trafficking is an organised crime, involving a multiplicity of actors linked together in a chain, professional methods of dealing with them are called for. Certainty and stringency of punishment of the exploiters, without any delay whatsoever, is the essential requirement for preventing trafficking. Simultaneously, the victims need to be rescued and rehabilitated in a sustainable manner. As lack of priority, time and sensitivity as well as ignorance of the issues concerned are commonly seen as the factors responsible for the present day dismal picture in enforcement, an effective networking of the law enforcement agencies with NGOs can make adequate dent in the given situation. The response scenario with respect to trans-border trafficking is fraught with innumerable challenges and problems. The nationality of the trafficked person often becomes a serious issue. Another issue with respect to trans-border trafficking is that of the procedures of repatriation. In fact, many rescued victims are confined to rescue homes for more than a decade despite the fact that they had to suffer exploitation in brothels for only a few months. The post-rescue non-rehabilitative scenario is not only traumatic but also violative of human rights. The problems are aggravated because the host country usually refuses to acknowledge the nationality of the person. In many instances, the victims are unable to recollect the details of their parentage and original village, causing difficulties in verification and authentication. Appropriate governmental systems are yet to take shape and become functional. This is an area that needs immediate attention. There is limited bilateral and re gional cooperation espically in relation to law enforcement, border interdiction, victim repatriation and prevention. There is a deficiency in collection, analysis and dissemination of trafficking data and information sharing. Trans-border bilateral arrangements are immediately called for to address these issues. It is high time that the concerned government agencies took initiative in this regard. For South Asia regional criminal justice cooperation is particularly important as much of the cross border trafficking that takes place is intra regional and currently there is no formal regional police arrangement (SAARCPOL) to combat such transnational crimes. The situation in the country presents a picture of lack of cohesion and coordination. Whether it is intra-state trafficking, inter-state trafficking or trans-border trafficking, the agencies involved in rescue do not seem to have any coordination with the agencies concerned with rehabilitation. The issue of missing women and children has been seen in isolation and was never seen in correlation with trafficking. There is no common platform linking up prevention strategies between source and destination areas. The absence of a national coordinating/monitoring agency has been a serious impediment in justice delivery and protection of human rights. Therefore, in order to ensure the best interests of the victims, to bring about effective coordination at the national level and to coordinate preventive strategies, programmes and polices, there is also a need for a national nodal agency to combat trafficking. The number of non-governmental organisations working in the field has increased enormously during the last few years. However, the vast majority of them are located in urban centres and very few have grassroots connections. There is a dire need for genuine and concerned NGOs to work on anti-trafficking in the rural areas, especially in the source and transit areas. Their synergy with the PRIs, can yield good dividends. Moreover the NGOs are mostly working on rescue and post-rescue activities, including protection and prosecution. There are very few NGOs which are focussed on prevention of trafficking. This area also craves for attention by the civil society. Trafficking of women and children is the ultimate violation of human rights, but on the other hand, the response of the government and non-governmental sector is more or less ad hoc and individual-oriented, and seldom institutionalised. The extent and depth of exploitation of the trafficked victims have never been fathomed by the agencies concerned and, therefore, the response scenario has been dismal. The study also shows that post-rescue programmes lack the essence of empowerment. The welfare approach, which is commonplace, has to be replaced by a rights-based approach, where the survivors, the victims as well as prospective victims (the vulnerable ones) should be involved not only in developing strategies but also in implementing them. A participatory and holistic approach can be in the best interests of the victim, survivor and all concerned. As is seen poverty and illiteracy are the main elements constituting the substratum for trafficking. Herein operates the demand factor. This demand is fuelled by several other factors like the impunity with which the traffickers can operate, thanks to the distortions in law enforcement. The low risk enjoyed by the exploiters, coupled with the high profit in this world of crass commercialisation, ensures perpetuation of trafficking. Whereas the traffickers have no restriction on court jurisdictions or the boundaries between police stations, districts, states, and even nations in carrying out their trade, the enforcement agencies are bogged down by restrictions and limitations of all sorts, which are effectively capitalised by the traffickers. The response by the government agencies and even civil society has established that they have been able to address only the tip of the iceberg. The trends and dimensions of the problem of trafficking has exposed how it is the ultimate human right s violation and how holistic developmental issues are deeply linked to it and which needed to be addressed for successfully combating the menace.

Opposition between Art and Reality in Shakespeares The Tempest Essay

Opposition between Art and Reality in The Tempest      Ã‚  Ã‚   The Tempest is a self-reflexive play that explores the boundaries of art and reality. Shakespeare's island is a realm controlled by the artist figure; where the fabulous, the ideal and the imaginative are presented as both illusory and palpable, and where the audience is held in an indeterminate state, a "strange repose". The juxtaposition of the world of art with political and social realities explored by representative characters is the central contrast of the play, and is foregrounded by the use of non-verbal techniques. These techniques allow the audience to appreciate the art that facilitates the spectacle they watch, as well as understand that the ideal remains an illusory state impinged on by concerns of the real world. This contrast does not resolve itself; rather, it remains inconclusive and leaves us, according to Russ McDonald, in a "marginal condition between expectation and understanding, affirmation and skepticism, comedy and tragedy".    The opening storm scene represents the collapse of all the civility and social order of the known world. The effectiveness of the storm is made possible by the opening "tempestuous noise of thunder and lightning" which pre-empts the events to come. The storm immediately catapults the reader into an understanding of the characters on board the ship. It exposes us to the way in which the characters' social assumptions capitulate when they are exposed to adversity; and leads us to expect that on their arrival on the island they will be reformed. However, quite the reverse is true - in the second act we are presented with men who appear even More zealously political now that they are free of havin... ...tion between art and reality is developed simultaneously by dialogue and a series of non-verbal techniques.    Works Cited and Consulted Alan Durband. (Ed.) (1984). The Tempest. Hauppauge, New York: Barron's Educational Series Inc. Deborah Willis, 'Shakespeare's Tempest and the Discourse of Colonialism', Studies in English Literature 1500-1900, 29, no.2, (1989) Eric Cheyfitz, The Poetics of Imperialism: Translation and Colonization from The Tempest to Tarzan, (Oxford University Press, 1991) Ritchie, D. and Broussar, A. (1997). American History: The Early Years to 1877. New York: Glencoe Kanoff, Acott. (1998). Your Study Guide to William Shakespeare: The Tempest. Cleveland: The Cleveland Play House Education Department William Shakespeare, The Tempest, ed. Frank Kermode, with an introduction by Frank Kermode, (Arden, 1964)   

Failure Analysis/Change Strategy Essay

While there is no guarantee of the success of a business, there are indicators that can be learned from analyzing organizations that have failed to those that succeed. In this paper, we compare two organizations, Blockbuster Video and Netflix that exemplify effects of leadership, vision, strategy and planning, and the importance of customer satisfaction that influence the success or failure of a business. Mission, Vision, and Objectives The mission, vision, and values statement defines an organization’s brand, culture, and customer experience. Blockbuster was founded by David Cook in 1985 and quickly went public a year later. In 2004, Blockbuster had up to 60,000 employees and over 9000 stores that provided home movie and video game rental services through video rental shops (Forbes, 2011). It’s mission and vision was to â€Å"provide our customers with the most convenient access to media entertainment, including movie and game entertainment delivered through multiple distribution channels such as our stores, by-mail, vending, and kiosks, online and at home† and to â€Å"offer customers a value-priced entertainment experience, combined with the broad product depth of a specialty retailer with local neighborhood convenience† (Farfan, 2015). Its objectives were to provide a large number of copies and broad selection of movie titles, operative conveniently located highly visible stores, offe r superior and consistent customer service, optimize pricing to local market conditions, and nationally advertise and market the brand name (Farfan, 2015). Netflix was founded by Reed Hastings in 1997 is now the world’s leading  entertainment network of streaming movies with over 57 million members in 50 countries (Netflix, 2015). Its mission statement is to â€Å"grow our streaming subscription business domestically and globally. We are continuously improving the customer experience, with a focus on expanding our streaming content, enhancing our user interface and extending our streaming service to even more Internet-connected devices, while staying within the parameters of our consolidated net income and operating segment contribution profit targets (Netflix Company Profile, 2015). Co-founder and CEO expressed Netflix vision for the future and objects to become the best global entertainment distribution services, license entertainment content around the world, create markets that are accessible to film makers, and help content creators around the world to find a global audience (Netflix Company Profile, 2015). Indicators of Business Failures and Success Comparing successful organizations, such as Netflix, to a failed organization, such as Blockbuster, allows us to identify predictors and understand critical elements that lead to the success or failure of a company. In our case, the role of leadership, strategy and planning, vision, and customer service played a role in the failure and success of both companies. A recent survey by the Turnaround Management Society indicates that most crises are caused by top management and include management continuing with a strategy that was no longer working for the company, underestimation of changes in the market and lack of adaptation, a loss of vision and a disconnect with customers (Lymbersky, 2014). The Blockbuster Board, made several poor choices in hiring incompetent leadership who did not understand their business. The company had a lack of vision and could not decide whether they were in entertainment or retail. Most detrimental to the Blockbuster brand, was the refusal to recognize and adapt to changing technology that affected their market. All these poor choices compounded on Blockbusters problem of disengagement with their customers by not attending to customer demand and their un-customer friendly policies of charging late fees. During the same period, Netflix provided continuity in leadership, had a strong strategy built around adapting to rapidly changing technology that supported video streaming, created a strong  sense of vision and connected intimately with its customer’s demands and incorporated customer friendly pricing strategies of fixed monthly pricing with no late fees. Organizational Behavioral Theory Netflix and Blockbuster were companies with a vision one that had a vision of the future and one that did not understand how fast technology was vastly approaching. Netflix saw that technology was coming and wanted to stay ahead of the game with video streaming, DVD-By-Mail, and producing popular series only seen through Netflix similar to a cable network. Blockbuster started with video rentals and ended with video rental, and expanded their stores into outlets for books, toys, and other merchandise. When YouTube erupted in 2005 Netflix realized that they need to jump on the video streaming and allow customers to get the movies they wanted directly to TV’s, computers, mobile phones, and other devices. Blockbuster did try a similar outlet as Netflix but failed to understand customers did not like late fees, are hidden costs. Blockbuster forgot to adapt to the changes in technology, and this is what ultimately caused the company to file Chapter 11 bankruptcy and close its doors. Technology within the movie and movie rental industry has been a significant factor since VHS tapes, and Netflix saw an opportunity and ran with it. With the ability to see the future and adapt to changes within their industry they are succeeding. With Blockbuster not understanding technology, consumers wants, and industry changes they failed. Decision making of management and leaders with in an organization is how Netflix succeeded and how Blockbuster failed. When a business loses focus on what business they are in they are doomed to fail. Blockbuster did not keep its focus on movie rental they started to think and make decisions like a retailer and that was the beginning of an end of the blockbuster era. Netflix knew the future of DVD-By-Mail was going to short lived and decided to focus on the internet and technology to succeed in the industry. If Blockbuster would have stayed focused on movie rentals and not retail they would still be in business. The Role of Leadership The leadership and corporate structure of Blockbuster and Netflix were identical however each organization demonstrates the critical component of an organization to adapt and change its strategy and build a culture that supports a clear vision. When leadership makes decisions, or neglects to make the right choices, then the company will fail. Blockbuster’s leadership was dysfunctional and refused to adapt their strategy or have a clear vision of their business. Netflix Netflix organizational structure is the same as a matrix and consists of the board of officers. The key component that made Netflix a success was the leadership and their ability to take risk, adapt, and have a solid vision that understands consumer demands. â€Å"We compete very broadly for a share of members’ time and spending, against linear networks, pay-per-view content, DVD watching, other Internet networks, video games, web browsing, magazine reading, video piracy, and much more. Over the coming years, most of these forms of entertainment will improve.† (Netflix, 2015). As a company grows, their culture allows freedoms in leadership, management, and innovation. Evidence of this is displayed in Netflix’s insight to move from mailing out DVDs to embracing the streaming world, on the World Wide Web. The introduction of this opened profits for Netflix that Blockbuster refused to embrace. Blockbuster â€Å"The irony is that Blockbuster failed because its leadership had built a well-oiled operational machine. It was a very tight network that could execute with extreme efficiency, but poorly suited to let in new information† (Satell, 2014). As a company grows it’s business and a great customer base, there is always a need for growth and adaptation. Netflix even gave Blockbuster a chance to merge with them when the internet streaming hype hit, but Blockbuster declined. Better and faster connections, transactions, and easier purchases on-line, are what made Netflix blossom and Blockbuster fail. Blockbuster refused to adapt or take advantage of opportunities that would have aligned them for the future. The Change Process Vital Areas of Change Vital areas of change include strategy and planning that supports a growth platform, establishing a strong sense of vision, and reconnecting with the  needs of the customer. The first vital area of strategy and planning includes embracing innovation and adapting to a changing business environment. When the advent of something new, such as the Internet, introduces itself into the business world, all businesses must be able to manage their existing business force and integrate the new concept. The company should be keeping stores open in areas that are profitable, while leveraging its marketing and brand to introduce new streaming distribution channels. The second concept of change is to establish a strong vision and culture that supports the vision of the organization. When a company fears growth in any direction, whether it is expansion or introduction of a new idea, it will only lead to failure. The company needs to examine its market space and see where some finely tuned execution might provide another business opportunity for growth and success. One must analyze the impact the change is going to have on the organization as a whole and embrace that change. One must incorporate into the business all changes that will positively affect the future successes of the company. Finally, is to never forget about the customers and their demands. Policies should be implemented that are customer friendly and meet customer demands. For example, a better pricing strategy would be something to initiate immediately and the organization should make changes based on customer desires. Customers will end a relationship with a company who does not supply or cater to their needs and wants. All businesses need to realize that a growing customer base leads to success. Power and Political Issues (Whitney) John Kotter’s 8-Step Plan (Mirsada) Conclusion (Melody) Reference Baskin, J. S. (November 8, 2013). The Internet Didn’t Kill Blockbuster: The Company Did It To Itself. Retrieved from http://www.forbes.com/sites/jonathansalembaskin/2013/11/8/the-internet-didn’t-kill-blockbuster-the-company-did-it-to-itself/ Farfan, B. (2015). Blockbuster Company Mission Statement. Retrieved from

Medical Online Care Consultancy Report Essays

Medical Online Care Consultancy Report Essays Medical Online Care Consultancy Report Paper Medical Online Care Consultancy Report Paper A survey of three online competitors has been conducted in order to give an assessment of the industry. In brief, competitor analysis identifies the strengths and weaknesses of competing products or services before beginning work on prototypes. Since this proposal is a pre-cursor to a prototype model, it is deemed necessary in order to show how typical tasks are achieved. The competitive advantages of each product are discussed, and a short summary of the market position is generated. Conducting a competitor survey offers the benefit of discovering strengths and weaknesses of competing products or services and to develop a list of issues that need to be addressed in order to compete effectively. The first question is always: what is a competitor? A context of use analysis, (who is the intended user? ), of the intended product is important as it will identify the users, the tasks, and the context in which the product is planned to be used. In this proposal the product is an online business that satisfies a user need. The user, typically, is a patient in need of medical care, prescriptions or a medical diagnosis. The key to a lucid competitor analysis is to focus on the user need to be serviced and not on the enabling technology. Below are survey results of three randomly picked competitors in the online healthcare industry with a short evaluation of each.

Flatback Sea Turtle Facts

Flatback Sea Turtle Facts Flatback turtles (Natator depressus) live primarily on the continental shelf of Australia and nest only on Australian beaches. Despite their limited range, probably less is known about this sea turtle species than the other six sea turtle species, which are more wide-ranging. Initial classification of flatback turtles led scientists to think they were related to Kemps ridley or green sea turtles, but evidence in the 1980s led scientists to determine that they were a separate, genetically distinct species. Description The flatback turtle (also called the Australian flatback) grows to about 3 feet in length and weighs about 150-200 pounds. These turtles have an olive-colored or gray carapace and pale yellow plastron (bottom shell). Their carapace is soft and often turns up at its edge. Classification Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: ChordataClass: ReptiliaOrder: TestudinesFamily: CheloniidaeGenus: NatatorSpecies: depressus (referred to as depressa in the World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS)) Habitat and Distribution Flatback turtles are found in the Pacific Ocean, primarily in waters off Australia and Papua New Guinea and occasionally off Indonesia. They tend to frequent relatively shallow, coastal waters less than 200 feet deep. Feeding Flatback turtles are omnivores that  feed on invertebrates such as jellyfish, sea pens, sea cucumbers, crustaceans and mollusks, and seaweed. Reproduction Flatback turtles nest along the northern coast of Australia, from Western Australia to Queensland. Males and females mate offshore. Mating often results in bites and scratches in the females soft skin, which later heal. Females come ashore to lay their eggs. They dig a nest that is about 2 feet deep and lay a clutch of 50-70 eggs at one time. They may lay eggs every 2 weeks during the nesting season and return every 2-3 years to nest. Although the egg clutch size of flatback turtles is relatively small, flatbacks lay unusually large eggs - even though they are a medium-sized turtle, their eggs are almost as big as those of the leatherback - a much larger species. The eggs weigh about 2.7 ounces. The eggs incubate for 48-66 days. The length of time depends on how warm the nest is, with warmer nests hatching sooner. The baby turtles weigh 1.5 ounces when they hatch and carry undigested yolk, which will nourish them during their initial time at sea. Flatback turtle nest and hatchling predators include saltwater crocodiles, lizards, birds, and crabs. Once they reach the ocean, hatchlings do not go into deeper waters like other sea turtle species but stay in shallow waters along the coast. Conservation The flatback turtle is listed as Data Deficient on the IUCN RedList, and vulnerable under the Australian Environment Protection Biodiversity Conservation Act. Threats include harvesting for eggs, bycatch in fisheries, nest and hatchling predation, entanglement in or ingestion of marine debris and habitat destruction and pollution. References and Further Information Australian Government. EPBC Act List of Threatened Fauna.IUCN Marine Turtle Specialist Group. Flatback Turtle: Natator depressus .Red List Standards Petitions Subcommittee 1996. Natator depressus.  IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.Spotila, James R. Sea Turtles: A Complete Guide to Their Biology, Behavior and Conservation 2004. The Johns Hopkins University Press.SWOT. State of the Worlds Sea Turtles.Waller, Geoffrey, ed. SeaLife: A Complete Guide to the Marine Environment. Smithsonian Institution Press. Washington, D.C. 1996.

Effective Team and Performance Management Essay - 8

Effective Team and Performance Management - Essay Example Thus it has become an obligation for the organizations to develop competencies in order to cope with the prevailing challenges. This study seeks to examine the problems faced by Electron, a small manufacturing company of UK. The report will be divided into four sections and each section will focus on certain areas related to the subject. The first section will present a brief overview of the company. Once, the company becomes familiar, the next task of the report is to identify the prevailing issue that the company is currently dealing. The report will try to identify most of the problems, but will put emphasis and thrust on the major issues which are currently the major concern for the company. The possible impact of the problem on the company as well as the company will be determined with the help of reviewing the literature and theories proposed by scholars about the area of concern. At the initial glance, it has been observed that the case tries to put emphasis on the issues of t eam management. Therefore literature related to team performance and management will be considered. It is believed that literature as well example regarding the subject can be found in large numbers and hence the theories can even be contextualised. The literature to be considered for this study is Managing Teams for Dummies by Marty Brounstein, Team Players and Teamwork: New Strategies for Developing Successful Collaboration by Glenn M. Parker and Young Guns: A New Generation of Conservative Leaders by Paul Ryan, Eric Cantor, Kevin McCarthy. The principal reason behind choosing the aforementioned literature is that it has the ability to contextualise the theories. 2.0 Introduction Electron is a small company involved in the manufacturing and marketing of telecommunication components. The company was established in the year 1997 and is currently headquartered at UK. The company employs around 150 people in the headquarters and among them 90 people belongs to the manufacturing depart ment. Previously, Electron was one of the divisions of one of the large telecommunication company of UK. However, in the year 2007, the Electron parted its ways and started to conduct business activities separately. In the meantime, the company had also purchased the manufacturing segment as a plan to embrace development. The parent company is still the largest customer for the company and has been responsible for ensuring growth of the company. The company operates with the traditional organizational structure, which comprises of manufacturing department, engineering department, human resource department, sales and marketing department and the finance department. The manufacturing department of the company is divided into 8 teams and have been named as per the colours which are red, blue, white, green, silver, aqua, purple and yellow. Each of the team consists of ten members and among them some are temporary and some are permanent. Most of the employees are of the age 25-50. The co mpany practices concertive leadership in order to monitor and manage the employees. Although at the initial days of its operation, the company was doing well, but in the mid of 90s, the company was lost its way and was finding difficulties in operating effectively in the market place. The situation further worsened for the company due to severe competition from the electronic manufacturers. However, the

The culture of Zulu Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The culture of Zulu - Research Paper Example This led to the Battle of Isandlwana where the British suffered a humiliating defeat at the hands of the Zulus. They were eventually defeated by the British in the battle of Ulundi in 1979 (Dougherty & Sievert, 2008). During the Apartheid years, Zulus were classified as third class citizens and were forced to suffer discrimination at the hands of the state. Zulus have played an important role in the end of Apartheid and in the development of modern South Africa. The two important political parties of the country – African National Congress and the Inkatha freedom party were both formed by Zulus. They also participated in large numbers in the struggle to end Apartheid in both the parties. In this essay, discussions will be focused on the culture of Zulus especially their Religion, political organization of Zulus before the arrival of British and the Gender relations in Zululand (Dougherty & Sievert, 2008). Mode of Subsistence Farming and cattle rearing were the primary modes of subsistence of the Zulus. Cattle especially the Ox was very important for the Zulus. Cattle were also given great significance and there was also a special place for the cattle in the family .The cattle was reared largely for eating purposes. Although all the cattle and the farms were owned by the head of the family who was a man each of his wives was provided with a set of her own farms and cattle which were used by her in order to feed her immediate family (Dougherty & Sievert, 2008). Zulu Religion The Spirit World Zulus placed a lot of importance on their ancestors and their spirits. These ancestors were supposed by them to be living in Unkulunkulu which was considered as the world of the spirits. The ancestors were the link between the living and the spirits. For this reasons they needed to be remembered by the family members, praised regularly and also appeased by maKing offerings to them. In case a family failed to do so, the spirits are were to visit them in the form of trou bles. These troubles can be solved only if the mistake of the family is rectified and the spirits of the ancestors are pacified by some offerings and by showering praises on them. The Sangoma was the spiritual healer and the priest of the Zulus. In case of a mishap such as failure of crops, death of livestock, draught or any other natural calamity the Sangoma was the one who declared the reasons for the calamity. The calamity could have been caused by the unhappy spirits or by witchcraft. If it was the former, the family was supposed to appease the ancestors but if it was the latter a witch-hunt and the elimination of the witch responsible was carried out (Monteiro-Ferreira, 2005). Another important religious person among the Zulus is the Inyanga. The Inyanga can be said to be the doctor of the Zulu tribe. He mostly used local plants and animals in order to find cure of the common diseases like cuts, bruises. The cure was usually followed by religious rituals in which the spirits we re praised and pacified and asked to restore the health of the person who is sick (Monteiro-Ferreira, 2005). It is not only ancestors whose spirits were worshipped by the Zulus. The spirits were also supposed to exist in animals, forests, mountains and caves. Thus animals should be fed properly and cared for, the forest and the mountains should not be made angry or the spirits living in them will have their vengeance on the people. The Zulus are afraid of the phenomenon of lightning. They believed

With a multicultural team, barriers to communication can be major Essay

With a multicultural team, barriers to communication can be major obstacles. How can understanding the cultural values overcome this - Essay Example The significant aspect lies on the basis of these societal and industrial cultures bringing about an imperative basis for the organizational culture to exist in the most basic sense. (Becker, 1999) One must understand that the organization cannot exist in seclusion and it has to remain in constant touch with the society in which it exists and the industry under which it finds competitors for its own selves and the strategic alliances, mergers and unities that form as a result of the same. Now the foundation lies merely on the manner under which the strategic and the tactical moves are adopted by this organization under study and how best it delivers towards the needs of the stakeholders, customers and employees working for the benefit of the organization itself, both from the short term perspective as well as an investment in the long run. (Marx, 1999) Hofstede has focused his works on the cultural differences that exist at individuals working within the different segments of a business and he has raised pretty interesting discussions here. He has removed the impression that is present of the individuals acting like each other and working towards a common goal. He has said that the organization wants to reach at a particular point in time within the future. Rather he has looked at it from a different perspective. What he has stated is that it is difficult to come to terms with the cultural differences that the employees bring with them and hence it gets frustrating at times to get the work done in a complete manner. (Jackson, 2004) One should believe that what Hofstede has taught through these cultural dimensions is true as little effort is paid to the fact that diverse employees bring about successful results for the organization. The organizations are also not in agreement with this ideology, which is quite shocking. However one should believe that the cultural managers and

The Spread Of Islam Across The Globe Essay Example for Free

The Spread Of Islam Across The Globe Essay Inadvertently, there is no doubt that Islam is one of the widely spread religion in the world, with followers spanning across the globe. There are more Christians converting to Islam than there are Muslims converting to Christianity. The pattern and the rapidity with which Islam spread over time has been a point of interest to most scholars with all manner of theories being in the fore to explain this phenomenon. Looking at how Islam is mapped out indicates that in addition to other factors, environmental determinism and communication played a major role. The spread of Islam can be traced back to the death of Prophet Muhammad. His death prompted the rise of the Arab empire and later the creation of Muslim dynasties spanning over the Middle East, North and West Africa. Indeed a study of the initial spread of Islam is compounded by the lack of proper objective documentation and also the divergent theories being fronted by scholars. However, many recognize that the spread of this religion took place in phases. The first phase was during the fist century of Islam as spread by Muhammad. This was an era characterized by Muslim conquests of the existing empires which were reoriented towards Islam. History has it that the initial spread of Muslim ideals was not emphasized on conversion but rather on subordination of the polytheistic societies; â€Å"at the outset, they were hostile to conversions because new Muslims diluted the economic status advantages of the Arabs. † (Ira, 2002, 200) However, Islam became instantly popular as it was offering a new societal order; it was providing an alternative to the existing political and religious identity. The formation of the Arab empire in addition made Islam an attractive venture to the â€Å"elements of the former Byzantine and Sasanian aristocracies, including soldiers, officials, landlords, and others† (Ira, 2002, 200). With time though, the notion that Islam was an exclusive Arab affair would be diminished by the formation of a religious doctrine, this opened the doors to mass conversions. Mosques and schools were built popularizing the religion and building a competitive front to the Christians and the Jews. The second phase was characterized by the formation of Islamic disciplines, establishing a body of Islamic philosophy and law. It is this era that would witness the spread of Islam to Africa and also in central Asia. From here, Islam would spread gradually to the rest of the world. Theories abound over the rapid spread of Islam across the globe. The most prominent theory and which has been largely discredited forceful conversion. This theory was informed by the early days of the spread of Islam which were characterized by Mohammed forming an army of Muslims to conquer medina. It is also formed by images and stories of an Arab horseman wielding a sword and a Quran. Indeed, the conquest of North Africa was a result of militarization. Due to its proximity to the Middle East, North Africa had been mapped out as a possible territory where Islam could be spread barely a few decades after the death pf Mohammad. Before its conquest, North Africa was largely under the Christian Byzantines. The Arabs made their inroads by establishing military bases in Tunisia (then referred to as Qayrawan). Islam from here was spread to the native Berbers. The conversion of the Berbers meant that the Arab forces were strengthened and used to conquer Spain as well as some parts of France. The existing institutions of the Byzantine Empire were removed after the conquest of the Constantinople. From here, the Arab forces progressed to Iran and Asia conquering the existing empires and although they did not establish permanent residents, they instated societal changes that were conducive to the survival of Islam. It is important to observe that these early campaigns were carried out by the Umayyads, under Umar, the second caliph having taken over from Abu Bakr who was the immediate successor of Mohammad. The Umayyads are seen as having played a major role in the early expansion of Islam through what is referred to as jihad. Their main aim was to conquer, plunder and establish as system of taxation that would benefit the Arabs. It is these incidences that have continued to fuel criticism against Muslims especially by western scholars who maintain that the spread of Islam has been as a result of violence (Frances, 2009, 37). It is important to point out that the theory of forced conversion has largely been discredited. This is not to mean that history is not rife with other incidences of forced conversions. Christianity and Islam are two religions that have been recognized as at one moment in their history propagated the use of violence to spread and defend the faith, this has remained a controversy and also a contradiction as the two religions are deeply anchored in the ideals of peace and condemnation of violence. The spread of Islam in Bengal has aroused much interest with most leaning towards forced conversion as the reason behind it. The spread of Islam across north and West Africa is also seen as having been fuelled by violence meted out against the locals in the bid to establish a new political order. Razia (1992, 2) has critically examined this observing that â€Å"the ‘sword theory† can only be a partial explanation of an extremely complex process that has resulted in the spread of Islam. † The initial process of the spread of Islam lay on the â€Å"breakdown of the social and religious structures of non-Muslim communities in the tenth to the twelfth centuries. † (Ira, 2002, 200). This was created animosity and hostility between the Muslims and the non Muslims, leading to the destruction of the existing social and communal organizations. The resultant collapse of order in the society would see Muslims leaders initiate reconstruction schemes that would see the rise of a new societal beliefs and identities. Major aspects of the spread of Islam are environmental determinism and communication. Environmental determinism is a theory propagating the idea that culture is determined by the physical conditions and not by social conditions as had priory been believed. This was a conclusion that was reached by a cross examination of different cultures, the behaviors and attitudes of those people in relation to physical factors such as climate and topography. It is a similar line of thinking that has been used to analyze the spread of Islam globally, as Holt et al (1977, 443) observes; â€Å"there is a closer relationship between Islam and its geographical setting, than that of any other of the great monotheistic religions. † A critical analysis of the spread and expansion of Islam reveals one succinct feature; it has largely been laid out in the arid zones and along the major sea routes. As scholars have observed, the rapid spread of Islam can be seen to have occurred along trade routes. The spread of Islam to major parts of Africa has been closely looked into. Due to its geographic proximity to the Middle East, a few decades after the death of Muhammad, Islam had been expanded to the northern Africa; this would be followed by a push into Spain resulting to Islam spreading across three continents globally. This fast spread has been credited to trade and geographic positioning more than to anything else. The initial spread of Islam was done through military conquest but the later expansion was done through frontiers. A look at the medieval era indicates that the major sea and land routes were in the preserve of the Muslim merchants. There is evidence that Islam was spread along those routes, as Michael has concurred, â€Å"at the time, the leading edges of this expansion were rapidly moving southward along both the east and west coasts of Africa, northeastward into central Asia, and southeastward through India into the Indonesian archipelago. † (2004, 24) North African traders are credited for having spread Islam to West Africa and later to the south of Sahara. The spread of Islam to Africa took place in three phases. The first phase saw the growth of Muslim communities that lived along the trade routes. Then, there was a clear correlation between Islam and distance trade. There were clear incentives given to the merchants that enabled them to carry out trade better than the non Muslims. The 12th century saw increased spread of Islam in Africa due to the increased contacts between the two. Merchant scholars were fast becoming advisors in some of the African kingdoms and integration between Africans and the Muslims was taken to a higher level. In the second phase, Islam would cease to be confined in the shores of the Indian oceans and along trade routes into the interior. The early interactions of the Muslim scholars with the some of the African kings led to a fast spread of Islam. There is evidence of a number of empires that fully embraced Islam and lorded over their subjects. The Mali Empire is a distinct example of this. Initially, Islam, for it to be acceptable to the natives had to be blended with the local traditions. The third phase of the spread of Islam in Africa was through a holy war, a jihad initiated by the Muslims to conquer the waning influence of the pagans. This led to the growth of communities that fully embraced Islam. The nineteenth century in West Africa was characterized with jihads; this was an era that would see the emergence of strong African Muslim leaders such as Samouri Toure. By the time colonialism was being instituted, Islam had already gained roots that not even the anti slavery campaigns could reduce the growing influence. One factor still remains in Africa; Islam remains the main religion in areas that acted as the major trade routes, which coincidentally were along the ocean shores. In Africa, as well as in the Middle East, areas dominated by Islam are seen as containing similar geographic and climatic features. Communication is also a major factor that fuelled the rapid spread of Islam. This is in terms of the use of Arab as the main language of Islam thus enhancing interaction and integration of the various converted groups. A look at the history of Arabic reveals that before the onset of Islam, it was regarded as a minor group of the Semitic language. Currently, Arabic is the holy language through which Islamic message was delivered. The use of Arabic has led to the fast spread of Islam as it has seen the converted being inculcated into the ways and culture of the Arabs. The power of communication can also be seen in the way that the initial Muslim frontiers carried the message across. Unlike the Christians who formed associations and movements to propagate their Christian beliefs, Islam relied on â€Å"informal processes such as the formation of business partnerships and political affiliations, as well as through intermarriage. † (Michael, 2004, 24) This meant that the Muslim frontiers formed tighter ties with the locals enhancing the further spread of Islam. The power of the message passed across was also a major factor in the rapid spread of Islam. Before the coming of Islam, majority of the societies had loosely organized political systems with individuals being locked in their own tribal cocoons with no prospects of interaction with the outside world. Islam however sought to establish a new order; the growth of successful states in the Middle East was being used as a good enough reason to advocate for the spread of Islam civilization. Islam hence was being seen holding the key to civilization and was soon being identified with leaders and the elites in the society. As Ira has mentioned, â€Å"Islam became the religion of tribal peoples and merchant group seeking economic integration, and state elites seeking consolidated political power. † (2002, 205) Islam presented new ideals, a shift from the past and would see the quest for the formation of new states and the shift from animistic and polytheistic traditional religions to modernity which became characterized by modernism. Islam was seen as bringing in a new social identity. Indeed, the rapid spread of Islam is a major a topic drawing various views from scholars and pundits. The traditional held view that it was through violence and coercion that the faith has been able to expand globally has been long disputed. Though there is evidence especially in the medieval era when the holy war was used as an instrument of conquest, there is more to this as Christianity also used crusaders in its expansionary mission. Environmental determinism and communication are seen as major factors. A look at the spread of Islam indicates a certain pattern, though it is globally spread, it is mainly concentrated in middle east, some parts of Europe, central Asia, northern and western Africa. These are areas that border the Middle East and are situated along the major trade routes. The geographical factor of the spread of Islam has remained a key interest. The use of a common language and the propagation of Arabic as the holy language through which the holy message was delivered is also a major factor as it has eased communication and integration of Muslims worldwide. References Razia A. B. (1992) Islam in Bangladesh. BRILL. Michael F. (2004) Islam in world cultures: comparative perspectives. ABC-CLIO, Timothy I. (2003) The archaeology of Islam in sub-Saharan Africa. Cambridge University Press, Holt P. M et al. (1977) The Cambridge History of Islam. Cambridge University Press, Ira M. L. (2002) A history of Islamic societies. Cambridge University Press, Frances O. (2009) History of Islam. The Rosen Publishing Group,